Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development
The Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development (e-ISSN: 0000-0000; p-ISSN: 0000-0000) is a scientific journal dedicated to advancing research in economic policy, development strategies, and the dynamics of global economic systems. We are proud to announce that Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development has achieved a significant milestone by being officially indexed in SINTA X, under the decree of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia No: xxx/E/KPT/202x. Published by the Fakultas Sosial Ekonomi & Humaniora, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama (UNU) Purwokerto in collabration with the Business, Technology, and Sustainability Research Institute (BTSRI), this journal covers a broad range of research topics, including but not limited to macroeconomics, development economics, poverty reduction, economic growth, fiscal policy, international trade, globalization, economic inequality, sustainable development, and the role of institutions in economic development. Articles in this journal are published biannually in January–June and July–December, ensuring the timely dissemination of new research and policy insights that influence global economic development.
Fakultas Sosial Ekonomi & Humaniora, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama (UNU) Purwokerto
Remote Work, Productivity, and Labour Policy: An Systematic Literature Review in the Global Context
The global expansion of remote work has reshaped traditional labour models, productivity dynamics, and regulatory frameworks across various regions. This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to examine the relationship between remote work, productivity outcomes, and labour policy adaptations in a global context. Findings suggest that while remote work offers notable benefits such as increased flexibility, reduced commuting, and enhanced autonomy its impact on productivity is uneven, contingent upon job types, organizational culture, and digital infrastructure. Moreover, prolonged remote arrangements raise concerns regarding employee well being, work life balance, and mental health. The review also reveals that existing labour policies are often inadequate for addressing emerging challenges such as digital surveillance, the right to disconnect, and equitable access to remote opportunities. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for adaptive labour regulations and organizational strategies that promote inclusivity, safeguard worker rights, and leverage remote work as a sustainable tool for future employment. This study contributes a comprehensive understanding of how remote work is transforming labour systems and highlights directions for future research and policymaking
Copyright (c) 2025 Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development
Regulating Artificial Intelligence for Inclusive Development: Policy Lessons from Emerging Economies
As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in governance and development processes, emerging economies face the challenge of regulating its use to promote inclusive outcomes rather than exacerbate inequalities. This study investigates how these countries approach AI regulation amid institutional, technological, and socio-economic constraints. Using a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies published between last five-year, the article explores the alignment of national policies with global ethical frameworks, the role of institutional capacity, and the effectiveness of participatory regulatory models. The findings reveal that most emerging economies rely on non-binding ethical principles and imported regulatory templates, often without sufficient localization or enforcement capacity. Through thematic synthesis, the article highlights the risks of regulatory fragmentation and exclusion, while identifying promising practices such as co-produced governance and regional cooperation. The study contributes by offering context-specific insights into the regulatory landscape and proposing pathways toward inclusive, enforceable, and adaptive AI governance
Digital Health Policies and Their Broader Economic Impacts: A Systematic Literature Review
This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the economic impacts of digital health policy implementation across various global contexts. While digital innovations such as telemedicine, mobile health (mHealth), and artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly improved healthcare delivery, their broader economic outcomes remain varied and dependent on contextual factors like infrastructure readiness, regulatory frameworks, and digital literacy. The review, based on several peer-reviewed articles, reveals that digital health policies contribute to cost efficiency, labor productivity, and job creation in health-tech sectors. However, disparities across regions particularly in low and middle income countries highlight barriers such as limited connectivity and institutional support. Additionally, the lack of standardized economic evaluation tools poses challenges in assessing the long-term macroeconomic value of these interventions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for unified assessment models, infrastructure development, and cross-sector collaboration to maximize the economic potential and equity of digital health transformations.
Smart Infrastructure and the Urban Economy: Policy Insights from Middle-Income Cities
As urbanization accelerates across middle-income countries, smart infrastructure is increasingly positioned as a catalyst for economic transformation. This article investigates the critical question of how smart infrastructure impacts urban economic outcomes, focusing on the governance, technological, and institutional dimensions within middle-income city contexts. Using a systematic literature review approach, the study synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed research published over the last five years. The analysis reveals that while smart infrastructure has the potential to improve urban productivity, sustainability, and service delivery, its effectiveness largely depends on policy coordination, adaptive governance, and local capacity building. The discussion integrates insights on data-driven planning, digital equity, and contextualized innovation strategies. Key findings underscore the importance of aligning smart city investments with inclusive growth objectives and long-term urban planning goals. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how tailored infrastructure policies can support sustainable economic development in rapidly urbanizing regions.
Systematic Literature Review on Gig Economy Regulation and Worker Welfare
The gig economy has become a defining feature of modern labor markets, offering flexibility and new income opportunities through platform-based work. However, this shift has also generated significant regulatory and welfare concerns for gig workers. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of several peer reviewed articles published between last five years to examine the state of research on gig economy regulation and its implications for worker welfare. The findings reveal three dominant themes: the persistent legal ambiguity in worker classification, the rise of algorithmic management and its impact on autonomy and job security, and the divergent regulatory responses across countries. Although some jurisdictions have implemented reclassification or hybrid policy models, the overall global response remains fragmented. Moreover, there is limited evidence that existing regulations have resulted in lasting improvements in worker welfare. This review highlights the urgent need for adaptive, inclusive, and enforceable policy frameworks that respond to the evolving nature of digital labor and actively involve workers in shaping the future of work.
Digital Currencies and Their Policy Implications for Financial Stability
The rise of digital currencies including cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, decentralized finance (DeFi), and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) has created opportunities and risks for financial systems. This study reviews literature published to examine how these innovations affect financial stability. Using a systematic approach, it synthesizes findings from academic and policy sources on key risk channels and policy responses. Results show that private digital assets increase volatility, contagion risks, and regulatory challenges, while CBDCs can enhance payment efficiency and monetary policy but may also cause disintermediation and new vulnerabilities. The discussion highlights three themes: risks from private digital assets, opportunities and trade-offs in CBDCs, and the need for coordinated regulation. The review concludes that digital currencies can modernize finance but require robust oversight to prevent systemic instability.
Copyright (c) 2023 Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development
Youth Unemployment in Developing Countries: A Review of Policy Interventions
Youth unemployment in developing countries presents a persistent and complex challenge that threatens economic development, social cohesion, and long-term prosperity. This study conducts a systematic literature review of empirical research and policy evaluations to assess the effectiveness of various interventions targeting youth unemployment from five-year period. The review categorizes interventions into three main types: supply-side approaches (e.g., vocational education and skills training), demand-side measures (e.g., wage subsidies, entrepreneurship support), and integrated programs that combine elements of both. Findings suggest that while supply-side strategies are the most commonly implemented, they often fall short due to misalignment with labor market needs. Demand-side initiatives can yield positive outcomes, particularly in entrepreneurship and income generation, but suffer from scalability and sustainability issues. Integrated approaches emerge as the most promising, offering more holistic and context-sensitive solutions, though they require strong institutional capacity and policy coherence. This review emphasizes the need for inclusive, adaptable, and well-funded strategies that align youth skills development with real labor market opportunities to ensure sustainable employment outcomes
Transforming Education for the Digital Future: Human Capital Formation in Developing Regions
This study examines how digital education can transform human capital formation in developing regions, addressing the question of how technology-enabled learning can reduce educational inequities and prepare learners for the digital economy. Using a systematic literature review of several studies published up to 2023, the analysis synthesizes evidence on the impact, challenges, and enabling factors of digital education initiatives. The findings reveal that technology-supported programs, when integrated with pedagogy, teacher training, and institutional support, can significantly enhance learning outcomes and skill development. However, persistent barriers such as inadequate infrastructure, socioeconomic disparities, and limited policy coherence hinder equitable access. The discussion highlights the importance of embedding technology adoption within holistic education strategies. The study concludes that inclusive, well-resourced, and context-specific digital education policies are critical for maximizing human capital gains in developing regions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development
A Literature Review on Regional Trade Agreements and Development Outcomes
This study investigates the developmental implications of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) through a systematic literature review of empirical and theoretical research published over the last five years. As multilateral trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) face increasing gridlock, RTAs have emerged as key instruments for economic cooperation, particularly among developing and emerging economies. Modern RTAs have evolved to include provisions beyond traditional trade liberalization, such as environmental standards, labor rights, digital trade, and investment protections. The findings suggest that while RTAs can promote trade creation, export diversification, institutional reform, and foreign direct investment, their positive impacts are unevenly distributed. Countries with stronger institutional frameworks and policy coherence tend to benefit more, whereas those with weak governance or limited industrial capacity may experience adverse effects such as trade diversion or increased inequality. Ultimately, the effectiveness of RTAs in fostering inclusive and sustainable development depends on their design quality, enforcement mechanisms, and the extent to which domestic policies are aligned with international commitments.
The Role of Sovereign Wealth Funds in Economic Stabilization and Development
This study examines the role of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) in fostering economic stabilization and long-term development, particularly in the context of developing and resource-dependent economies. Amid rising global uncertainties and commodity price volatility, the effectiveness of SWFs in promoting macroeconomic resilience and supporting national development strategies has drawn increasing scholarly and policy attention. This article systematically reviews recent empirical literature to evaluate how SWFs contribute to fiscal stabilization, reduce revenue volatility, and channel strategic investments in alignment with development goals. The findings highlight that SWFs with transparent governance structures and clear policy mandates are more successful in fulfilling their dual function. Additionally, evidence suggests that countries integrating SWFs into broader economic planning frameworks tend to experience improved economic diversification and resilience. By synthesizing current debates and identifying best practices, this article contributes to understanding how SWFs can be better leveraged to support inclusive and sustainable development in the Global South.
The Role of Microfinance in Promoting Entrepreneurship and Economic Inclusion
This article explores the role of microfinance in promoting entrepreneurship and economic inclusion, focusing on its impact on marginalized groups such as women and low-income populations. Through a systematic literature review of studies up to early 2023, the study synthesizes evidence on how microfinance influences business creation, income generation, and poverty reduction. The findings indicate that microfinance generally supports increased entrepreneurial activity and economic empowerment, especially when combined with non-financial services like business training and financial literacy. However, the broader effects on long-term financial stability and poverty alleviation are mixed and context-dependent. The discussion emphasizes the importance of flexible loan repayment terms and integrated support to address psychosocial challenges faced by borrowers. Ultimately, the article concludes that microfinance is a vital tool for economic inclusion but achieves the greatest impact when incorporated into broader development strategies that address social, economic, and institutional factors.
Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in Low-Income Economies: A Literature Review
This study reviews the recent literature on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in Low-Income Countries (LICs). While FDI is widely regarded as a driver of development through capital inflow, technology transfer, and integration into global markets, its effectiveness is far from guaranteed. Findings from recent empirical and theoretical works suggest that FDI only significantly contributes to growth when supported by strong institutional quality, strategic sectoral allocation, and high absorptive capacity, particularly in education and infrastructure. Moreover, investments in manufacturing and service sectors offer more substantial spillover effects compared to extractive industries, which often provide limited benefits to the broader economy. The review highlights the critical role of complementary conditions, such as macroeconomic and political stability, in ensuring FDI leads to sustainable and inclusive development. Thus, policymakers in LICs must focus not only on attracting foreign investment but also on creating enabling environments to maximize its developmental potential.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Development Policies: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence
This study presents a systematic literature review of several empirical studies published between last five-years, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of development policies in various contexts, particularly in the Global South. Development interventions such as conditional cash transfers, education reforms, and community-based health programs are assessed using rigorous empirical methods, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), difference in differences (DiD), and propensity score matching (PSM). The findings indicate that while many policies yield positive short and medium term outcomes, their effectiveness largely depends on contextual factors such as political stability, institutional quality, and local governance. Integrated, multisectoral approaches are found to be more sustainable and impactful than single-focus interventions. However, a significant gap remains in the evaluation of long-term effects. The study underscores the importance of context-sensitive, evidence-based, and adaptable policy designs, calling for more longitudinal research and robust evaluation systems to support sustainable development outcomes
The Macroeconomic Impact of Cash Transfer Programs on Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries
This study explores the macroeconomic impact of Cash Transfer Programs (CTPs) on poverty alleviation in developing countries through a systematic literature review. It investigates how CTPs, beyond addressing immediate household needs, influence broader economic indicators such as consumption, employment, local economic activity, and long-term development. Drawing on recent empirical studies, the review finds that well-targeted CTPs contribute to poverty reduction, enhance social equity, and generate positive spillovers in local economies. Contrary to common concerns, the evidence shows limited adverse effects on labor supply and inflation, while highlighting the importance of program design, fiscal sustainability, and institutional capacity. The discussion emphasizes that CTPs function not only as welfare tools but also as instruments for inclusive growth, particularly when integrated with complementary services and development policies. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for governments aiming to build more resilient and equitable economies through effective social protection systems.
Central Bank Independence and Its Impact on Macroeconomic Stability
This study investigates the relationship between central bank independence (CBI) and macroeconomic stability, focusing on whether and how independent central banks contribute to better inflation control, fiscal discipline, and overall economic resilience. Amid increasing global economic uncertainty and expanding central bank mandates, the article aims to clarify the continuing relevance of CBI in both developed and developing contexts. Using a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies, this research synthesizes empirical findings across various institutional and macroeconomic settings. The analysis reveals that CBI is strongly associated with lower inflation rates and improved fiscal discipline, particularly in countries with strong legal frameworks and institutional enforcement. However, the review also finds that formal legal independence does not always translate into real autonomy, especially in weaker governance environments. The discussion highlights how central bank effectiveness depends not only on legal status but also on political context, transparency, and broader economic coordination especially in times of crisis. Overall, the study concludes that while CBI remains a critical factor in macroeconomic stability, its success increasingly relies on institutional credibility and adaptability in an evolving global landscape
The Impact of Fiscal Policies on Economic Growth: A Systematic Literature Review
This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to examine the multifaceted role of fiscal policy in promoting economic growth. Drawing on recent theoretical and empirical studies from last five-years, the paper synthesizes findings on the impact of government spending, taxation, and public debt on macroeconomic performance. The results highlight that productive public investment especially in infrastructure, education, and health significantly enhances long-term growth, particularly when supported by strong institutions and transparent governance. Tax policy effects are shown to vary with the structure and administration of tax systems, where growth-friendly and equitable designs are more effective. Meanwhile, the relationship between public debt and growth remains context-dependent, with moderate, well-targeted debt often supporting recovery in times of crisis. An emerging theme in the literature is the evolving role of fiscal policy in addressing sustainability and social inclusion goals, underscoring a shift from short-term stabilization to long-term structural transformation. The findings emphasize that fiscal policy must be contextually tailored, efficiently implemented, and strategically aligned with national development priorities to maximize its growth enhancing potential
Industrial Policy and Its Role in Driving Structural Transformation in Developing Economies
This article explores the role of industrial policy in driving structural transformation in developing economies, a topic that has gained renewed attention amid shifting global economic dynamics and development challenges. The main research question asks how industrial policy contributes to economic upgrading and what factors determine its success or failure in different national contexts. Through a systematic literature review, the study synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, and key academic works. The review identifies recurring themes related to institutional capacity, coordination mechanisms, learning processes, and the evolving scope of industrial policy beyond traditional manufacturing. The analysis is organized thematically and draws on both historical and contemporary examples to examine how policy tools interact with broader development strategies. The findings highlight that industrial policy can significantly support structural change when it is context-specific, performance-based, and integrated with complementary investments in infrastructure and skills. This study contributes to ongoing debates by offering a clearer understanding of what makes industrial policy effective in fostering long-term economic transformation in the Global South
A Systematic Review of Energy Subsidy Policies and Their Implications for Sustainable Growth
Energy subsidies have long been used by governments to support energy affordability, economic growth, and social equity, particularly in developing countries. However, this systematic review examines growing concerns about the sustainability of such subsidies, especially those directed toward fossil fuels. Drawing on several peer-reviewed during a five-year observation period, this paper synthesizes the economic, environmental, and social impacts of energy subsidies. The findings reveal that while subsidies can offer short-term socio economic benefits, they often result in inefficient resource allocation, significant fiscal burdens, increased carbon emissions, and regressive distributional outcomes. The review emphasizes that effective reform requires targeted compensation mechanisms, strong institutional capacity, and inclusive policymaking to ensure both public acceptance and social protection. This study concludes that aligning energy subsidy policies with sustainable development necessitates a balanced, context-specific, and evidence-based approach to maximize long-term economic efficiency, environmental responsibility, and social equity
The Green Economy and Inclusive Growth: A Systematic Literature
This study explores the evolving nexus between the green economy and inclusive economic growth through a systematic literature analysis of peer-reviewed publications from the last five years. The green economy has emerged as a transformative framework aimed at addressing pressing environmental challenges such as climate change and resource depletion while simultaneously promoting social equity and economic inclusion. Findings from the literature reveal that green investments in sectors like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and green infrastructure have the potential to generate employment, reduce poverty, and improve access to essential services, particularly in developing countries. Additionally, green finance mechanisms, such as green bonds and public-private partnerships, are recognized as critical enablers for financing inclusive transitions. However, the transition to a green economy faces significant challenges, including institutional limitations, unequal policy outcomes, and risks of exacerbating social exclusion. Inclusive governance, equity-focused policy design, and international cooperation are thus identified as crucial to ensuring that green economic transitions are just and sustainable. This study contributes to the academic discourse by synthesizing key themes, identifying gaps, and offering insights for policy development that align environmental sustainability with social justice imperatives.
Education Policy Reforms and Their Impact on Economic Development
This study examines the relationship between education policy reforms and economic development by addressing the central question of how reforms in education systems contribute to long-term economic growth. In the context of growing global interest in linking education with sustainable development, the paper explores the role of quality improvements, teacher capacity, curriculum modernization, and equitable access as drivers of economic transformation. Using a systematic literature review of studies published over a five-year period, the analysis synthesizes findings from cross-country evidence, panel data analyses, and institutional reports. The review shows that reforms focusing on teacher professional development, curriculum relevance, and equitable access produce stronger and more sustained impacts on productivity, innovation, and income growth than reforms limited to expanding enrollment. The discussion highlights how these reforms interact with broader socio-economic factors such as governance, institutional capacity, and regional disparities, which either amplify or constrain their effects.
The Role of Microfinance in Promoting Economic Resilience in Developing Countries
Developing countries often face economic instability, institutional weaknesses, and poverty, which limit their capacity to withstand and recover from crises. In this context, microfinance has emerged as a key strategy to enhance economic resilience by providing financial services to underserved populations. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of several peer-reviewed articles published between five-year to examine how microfinance contributes to resilience outcomes such as income stability, asset accumulation, and recovery from shocks. Findings indicate that microfinance can support entrepreneurial activity, especially among existing business owners and women, while also promoting financial inclusion. However, its impact varies based on client characteristics, program design, and socio economic context. Criticisms include limited effects on long-term poverty reduction and risks of over-indebtedness. The review underscores the need to integrate microfinance with capacity building and regulatory oversight to maximize its role in fostering sustainable resilience. Future research should explore its effectiveness in post-crisis and fragile settings.
Global Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Their Influence on Industrial Policy in Developing Economies
Recent global disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic to geopolitical tensions have revealed critical vulnerabilities in global supply chains, raising important questions about their implications for industrial policy, particularly in developing economies. This study systematically reviews the literature published up to 2023 to explore how supply chain fragility is reshaping industrial policy frameworks in these contexts. The role of this review is to synthesize key insights from academic and institutional sources, highlighting how developing countries are adapting to the shifting dynamics of global trade and production networks. Findings show that many nations are reevaluating their industrial strategies to prioritize resilience, diversification, and regional integration, rather than mere efficiency. Through a thematic analysis of several studies, the article discusses policy trends, institutional capacity, and sectoral adjustments that aim to reduce external dependence and enhance economic autonomy. The review concludes that supply chain vulnerabilities have reinvigorated industrial policy debates, encouraging a shift toward more strategic, flexible, and sustainable policy approaches in the Global South.
Inequality and Economic Performance: Reviewing Global Trends and Evidence
This study investigates the relationship between inequality and economic performance through a systematic review of global literature from last five years. The findings show that high levels of income and wealth inequality negatively impact long-term growth by limiting access to education, weakening consumption, and increasing political instability. The analysis highlights that the effects of inequality are shaped by institutional and policy environments countries with strong redistributive systems are more resilient to its adverse effects. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed and intensified structural disparities, especially in low-income populations. The study concludes that reducing inequality is not only a matter of social justice but also essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive economic development.
Fiscal Redistribution Through Tax Policy: Impacts on Wealth Disparities
This article examines the extent to which tax policy can serve as an effective tool for fiscal redistribution and reducing wealth disparities. Framed around the central question of how different tax instruments, particularly progressive income, wealth, and corporate taxes affect inequality, the study uses a systematic literature review of several peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports published until 2023. The findings indicate that in high-income countries with robust administrative capacity and high public trust, progressive tax systems can substantially reduce post-tax inequality. In contrast, many developing countries face structural barriers such as weak enforcement, narrow tax bases, and elite resistance, which limit the redistributive impact of taxation. The discussion highlights that tax policy outcomes are influenced not only by fiscal design but also by broader political, institutional, and international dynamics. The review concludes that while tax policy holds strong potential to address wealth inequality, sustainable redistribution depends on a comprehensive approach that combines equitable tax structures with institutional reform and global cooperation.
Gender Equality and Economic Development: A Systematic Literature Review
Gender equality has become a key pillar in advancing inclusive and sustainable economic development across nations. This systematic literature review synthesizes findings from several peer-reviewed studies published over the last five years, focusing on the economic impacts of gender parity in education, employment, and leadership. The review reveals a consistent positive relationship between gender equality and improved economic outcomes such as GDP growth, poverty reduction, and human capital development. Key themes include the macroeconomic benefits of female labor participation, the economic returns on investment in girls’ education, and the role of gender-sensitive policies in fostering resilient economies. However, structural barriers such as discriminatory norms, legal inequalities, and weak institutional enforcement continue to impede progress. The review concludes that meaningful advancement requires context-specific, actionable policies backed by political will and institutional capacity. Gender equality is not merely a social goal but a strategic economic imperative for long-term national prosperity.
Global Inflation and Monetary Policy Responses in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review
This article examines how global inflation evolved during the COVID‑19 pandemic and how monetary policy responded to these pressures between last five years. The study addresses the question of what factors drove the surge in inflation and how central banks in advanced and emerging economies reacted during this period of crisis. Using a systematic literature review of several peer‑reviewed studies and institutional reports, the article synthesizes findings on the sources of inflation, policy strategies, and differences across regions. The review shows that inflation during the pandemic was largely triggered by supply disruptions, high commodity prices, and rapid demand recovery, and that responses varied: advanced economies maintained accommodative policies longer, while emerging economies tightened earlier. The discussion highlights how these studies analyze the roles of institutional credibility, communication strategies, and policy coordination in shaping inflation outcomes. The findings emphasize that monetary policy alone is insufficient to manage supply‑driven inflation and that a coordinated policy mix is needed to stabilize economies in future global crises.
Copyright (c) 2022 Global Journal of Economic Policy and Development
Financial Inclusion as a Catalyst for Economic Development: Policy Implications and Strategies
This study investigates the extent to which financial inclusion acts as a catalyst for growth, poverty reduction, and structural transformation, while identifying key policy strategies that enhance its impact. Employing a systematic literature review approach, the research synthesizes empirical and theoretical insights from peer reviewed sources to examine the relationship between access to financial services and macroeconomic outcomes. The findings reveal that financial inclusion facilitates investment, improves household resilience, and supports small business expansion, particularly in low and middle income countries. Digital financial services such as mobile banking and fintech platforms have been instrumental in expanding access, although persistent challenges such as the digital divide, low financial literacy, and regulatory barriers remain. The study underscores that effective financial inclusion requires not only technological innovation, but also robust institutional support, inclusive policy frameworks, and financial education. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how inclusive finance, when embedded in broader development strategies, can promote sustainable and equitable economic growth.
Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Policies on Economic Performance
This study examines the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies in enhancing economic performance, addressing the central question: To what extent do anti-corruption measures contribute to improved economic outcomes across different governance contexts? Corruption is widely recognized as a barrier to sustainable development, yet evidence on the economic impact of anti-corruption policies remains mixed and context-dependent. Using a systematic literature review method, this study synthesizes findings from several peer-reviewed articles published up to 2021. The review highlights that anti-corruption initiatives such as e-procurement systems, fiscal transparency, and legal enforcement are generally associated with improvements in public sector efficiency, investment levels, and overall economic growth. However, the analysis also reveals that the success of such policies is significantly influenced by the quality of governance, institutional capacity, and political will. The discussion emphasizes the importance of integrated reforms, active oversight, and tailored approaches that reflect local institutional realities. The main finding suggests that while anti-corruption policies can yield economic benefits, their effectiveness depends on their design, implementation, and the broader governance context in which they are applied.
Climate Change and Economic Policy: Integrating Sustainability into Development Strategies
This study explores the integration of climate change considerations into economic policy, emphasizing the urgent need to embed sustainability as a core principle in national and global development strategies. As the consequences of global warming intensify, traditional growth models that prioritize industrial output and short-term gains are no longer viable. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of international frameworks, academic literature, and successful policy case studies, this paper examines how instruments such as carbon pricing, green budgeting, and clean energy subsidies can help economies transition toward low-carbon and inclusive growth. The findings suggest that, when these tools are tailored to local socioeconomic contexts and supported by strong institutional frameworks, they can reduce emissions effectively without compromising economic performance. Furthermore, the inclusion of just transition mechanisms ensures that climate policies do not exacerbate social inequalities. Ultimately, aligning economic strategies with climate goals is not only an environmental and ethical imperative but also a strategic opportunity to drive sustainable innovation, increase resilience, and promote long-term prosperity for all.
Green Fiscal Policy and Inclusive Economic Development in Emerging Economies: A Systematic Review with Insights from Southeast Asia
This study reviews how green fiscal policies influence inclusive economic development in Southeast Asia. It explores whether instruments such as carbon taxes, subsidy reforms, and green bonds can achieve both environmental goals and social equity. Using a systematic review of peer‑reviewed studies and reports published up to early 2021, the evidence particularly from Indonesia shows that carbon pricing and subsidy reforms reduce emissions but can be regressive when no compensatory measures are in place, as poorer households face higher relative costs. Simulations also indicate that revenue recycling through social transfers, green investments, or targeted subsidies can offset these effects and make policies more equitable. While fiscal tools such as green bonds and renewable energy incentives are emerging in the region, empirical evaluations of their social outcomes remain limited. The findings emphasize that careful policy design and revenue use are essential for green fiscal policy to advance both sustainability and inclusivity in Southeast Asia.