Funding Arrangements and Public Accountability: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to synthesize conceptual insights, methodological advancements, and empirical evidence on the relationship between funding models and accountability mechanisms. Drawing on 2020–2023 publications indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, the review identifies three major patterns: (1) accountability mechanisms vary widely across institutional and systemic levels, yet remain inconsistently applied; (2) large-scale funding instruments, such as the Pandemic Fund, face persistent governance challenges including unclear authority, limited transparency, and weak stakeholder representation; and (3) methodological innovations, such as anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability (ACTA) measures, can strengthen oversight and reduce fraud risks when integrated from the outset. The findings underscore the need for funding frameworks to embed clear roles, inclusive representation, and robust transparency protocols. By aligning funding design with rigorous accountability mechanisms, governance systems can enhance integrity, equitable resource allocation, and public trust.